An-Nahl
In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful
The Event (the Hour or the punishment of disbelievers and
polytheists or the Islâmic laws or commandments), ordained by Allâh will come
to pass, so seek not to hasten it. Glorified and Exalted
be He above all that they associate as partners with Him. (1) He sends down the
angels with Ruh (revelation) of His Command to whom of His slaves He wills
(saying): "Warn mankind that Lâ ilâha illa Ana (none has the right to be
worshipped but I), so fear Me (by abstaining from sins
and evil deeds). (2) He has created the heavens and the earth with truth. High is He
Exalted above all they associate as partners with Him. (3) He has created man
from Nutfah (mixed drops of male and female sexual discharge), then behold,
this same (man) becomes an open opponent. (4) And the cattle, He
has created them for you; in them there is warmth (warm clothing), and numerous
benefits, and of them you eat. (5) And wherein is beauty for you, when you bring
them home in the evening, and as you lead them forth to pasture in the morning.
(6)And they carry your
loads to a land that you could not reach except with great trouble to
yourselves. Truly, your Lord is full of Kindness, Most Merciful. (7) And (He has created)
horses, mules and donkeys, for you to ride and as an adornment. And He creates
(other) things of which you have no knowledge. (8) And upon Allâh is the
responsibility to explain the Straight Path , But
there are ways that turn aside (such as Paganism, Judaism, Christianity,). And
had He willed, He would have guided you all (mankind). (9) He it is Who sends
down water (rain) from the sky; from it you drink and from it (grows) the
vegetation on which you send your cattle to pasture; (10) With it He causes to
grow for you the crops, the olives, the date-palms, the grapes, and every kind
of fruit. Verily! In this is indeed an evident proof
and a manifest sign for people who give thought. (11) And He has subjected
to you the night and the day, the sun and the moon; and the stars are subjected
by His Command. Surely, in this are proofs for people who understand. (12) And whatsoever He has
created for you on the earth of varying colours [and qualities from vegetation
and fruits (botanical life) and from animals (zoological life)]. Verily! In
this is a sign for people who remember. (13) And He it is Who
has subjected the sea (to you), that you eat thereof fresh tender meat (i.e.
fish), and that you bring forth out of it ornaments to wear. And you see the
ships ploughing through it, that you may seek (thus) of His Bounty (by
transporting the goods from place to place) and that you may be grateful. (14)And He has affixed
into the earth mountains standing firm, lest it should
shake with you, and rivers and roads, that you may guide yourselves. (15) And landmarks
(signposts, during the day) and by the stars (during the night), they (mankind)
guide themselves. (16) Is then He, Who creates as one who creates not? Will you
not then remember? (17) And if you would count the favours of Allâh, never could
you be able to count them. Truly! Allâh is Oft-Forgiving,
Most Merciful. (18) And Allâh knows what you conceal and what you reveal. (19) Those whom they (Al-Mushrikûn[]) invoke besides Allâh have not created anything,
but are themselves created. (20) (They are) dead, not alive, and they know not
when they will be raised up. (21) Your Ilâh (God) is One Ilâh (God — Allâh,
none has the right to be worshipped but He). But for those who believe not in
the Hereafter, their hearts deny (the faith in the Oneness of Allâh), and they
are proud. (22) Certainly, Allâh knows what they conceal and what they reveal.
Truly, He likes not the proud. (23) And when it is said to them: "What is it
that your Lord has sent down (unto Muhammad SAW)?" They say: "Tales
of the men of old!" (24) They may bear their own burdens in full on
the Day of Resurrection, and also of the burdens of those whom they misled
without knowledge. Evil indeed is that which they shall bear! (25) Those before them
indeed plotted, but Allâh struck at the foundation of their building, and then
the roof fell down upon them, from above them, and the torment overtook them
from directions they did not perceive. (26)Then, on the Day of Resurrection, He
will disgrace them and will say: "Where are My
(so called) 'partners' concerning whom you used to disagree and dispute (with
the believers, by defying and disobeying Allâh)?" Those who have been
given the knowledge (about the Torment of Allâh for the disbelievers) will say:
"Verily! Disgrace this Day and misery this Day are upon the disbelievers.
(27) "Those whose
lives the angels take while they are doing wrong to themselves (by disbelief
and by associating partners in worship with Allâh and by committing all kinds
of crimes and evil deeds)." Then, they will make (false) submission
(saying): "We used not to do any evil." (The angels will reply):
"Yes! Truly, Allâh is All-Knower of what you used to do. (28) "So enter the
gates of Hell, to abide therein[], and indeed, what an
evil abode will be for the arrogant." (29) And (when) it is said
to those who are the Muttaqûn (pious - see V.2:2) "What is it that
your Lord has sent down?" They say: "That which is good." For
those who do good in this world, there is good, and
the home of the Hereafter will be better. And excellent indeed will be the home
(i.e. Paradise) of the Muttaqûn (pious - see
V.2:2). (30) 'Adn (Eden) Paradise (Gardens of Eternity) which they will enter,
under which rivers flow, they will have therein all that they wish. Thus Allâh
rewards the Muttaqûn (pious - see V.2:2). (31) Those whose lives the angels take while they
are in a pious state (i.e. pure from all evil, and worshipping none but Allâh
Alone) saying (to them): Salâmun 'Alaikum (peace be on you) enter you Paradise, because of that (the good) which you used to do
(in the world)." (32) Do they (the disbelievers and polytheists) await but that
the angels should come to them [to take away their souls (at death)], or there
should come the command (i.e. the torment or the Day of Resurrection) of your
Lord? Thus did those before them. And Allâh wronged them not, but they used to
wrong themselves. (33) Then, the evil results of their deeds overtook them, and
that at which they used to mock at surrounded them. (34)And those who joined
others in worship with Allâh say: "If Allâh had so willed, neither we nor
our fathers would have worshipped aught but Him, nor would we have forbidden
anything without (Command from) Him." So did those before them. Then! Are
the Messengers charged with anything but to convey clearly the Message? (35) And verily, We have
sent among every Ummah (community, nation) a Messenger (proclaiming):
"Worship Allâh (Alone), and avoid (or keep away from) Tâghût[] (all false
deities, etc. i.e. do not worship Tâghût besides Allâh)." Then of them
were some whom Allâh guided and of them were some upon whom the straying was
justified. So travel through the land and see what was the end of those who
denied (the truth). (36) If you (O Muhammad SAW) covet for their guidance[], then
verily Allâh guides not those whom He makes to go astray (or none can guide him
whom Allâh sends astray). And they will have no helpers. (37) And they swear by
Allâh their strongest oaths, that Allâh will not raise up him who dies. Yes,
(He will raise them up), a promise (binding) upon Him in truth, but most of
mankind know not. (38) In order that He may make manifest to them the truth of
that wherein they differ, and that those who disbelieved (in Resurrection, and
in the Oneness of Allâh) may know that they were liars. (39) Verily! Our Word unto
a thing when We intend it, is only that We say unto it: "Be!" and it
is. (40) And as for those who
emigrated for the Cause of Allâh, after they had been wronged, We will
certainly give them goodly residence in this world, but indeed the reward of
the Hereafter will be greater, if they but knew! (41) (They are) those who
remained patient (in this world for Allâh's sake), and put their trust in their
Lord (Allâh Alone). (42)And We sent not (as Our
Messengers) before you (O Muhammad SAW) any but men, whom We sent revelation,
(to preach and invite mankind to believe in the Oneness of Allâh). So ask (you,
O pagans of Makkah) of those who know the Scripture [learned men of the Taurât
(Torah) and the Injeel (Gospel)], if you know not. (43) With clear signs and
Books (We sent the Messengers). And We have also sent down unto you (O Muhammad
SAW) the Dhikr [the reminder and the advice (the Qur'ân)], that you may explain
clearly to men what is sent down to them, and that they may give thought. (44) Do then those who
devise evil plots feel secure that Allâh will not sink them into the earth, or
that the torment will not seize them from directions they perceive not? (45) Or that He may catch
them in the midst of their going to and fro (in their jobs), so that there be
no escape for them (from Allâh's Punishment)? (46) Or that He may catch
them with gradual wasting (of their wealth and health). Truly! Your Lord is
indeed full of Kindness, Most Merciful? (47) Have they not observed things that
Allâh has created, (how) their shadows incline to the right and to the left,
making prostration unto Allâh, and they are lowly? (48) And to Allâh prostate
all that is in the heavens and all that is in the earth, of the moving (living)
creatures and the angels, and they are not proud [i.e. they worship their Lord
(Allâh) with humility]. (49) They fear their Lord above them, and they do
what they are commanded. (50) And Allâh said (O mankind!): "Take not
ilâhaîn (two gods in worship). Verily, He (Allâh) is (the) only One Ilâh (God).
Then, fear Me (Allâh S.W.T) much [and Me (Alone), i.e. be away from all kinds
of sins and evil deeds that Allâh has forbidden and do all that Allâh has ordained
and worship none but Allâh][] (51) To Him belongs all that is in the heavens and
(all that is in) the earth and Ad-Din Wasiba is His [(i.e. perpetual sincere
obedience to Allâh is obligatory). None has the right to be worshipped but
Allâh)]. Will you then fear any other than Allâh? (52) And whatever of
blessings and good things you have, it is from Allâh. Then, when harm touches
you, unto Him you cry aloud for help (53) Then, when He has removed the harm
from you, behold! Some of you associate others in worship with their Lord
(Allâh). (54)So (as a result of that ) they deny
(with ungratefulness) that (Allâh's Favours) which We have bestowed on them!
Then enjoy yourselves (your short stay), but you will come to know (with
regrets). (55) And they assign a portion of that which We have provided them
unto what they know not (false deities). By Allâh, you shall certainly be
questioned about (all) that you used to fabricate. (56) And they assign
daughters unto Allâh! Glorified (and Exalted) is He above all that they
associate with Him! . And unto themselves what they desire; (57) And when the news of
(the birth of) a female (child) is brought to any of them, his face becomes
dark, and he is filled with inward grief! (58) He hides himself from
the people because of the evil of that whereof he has been informed. Shall he
keep her with dishonour or bury her in the earth[]? Certainly, evil is their
decision. (59) For those who believe not in the Hereafter is an evil
description, and for Allâh is the highest description. And He is the
All-Mighty, the All-Wise. (60) And if Allâh were to seize mankind for their
wrong-doing, He would not leave on it (the earth) a single moving (living)
creature, but He postpones them for an appointed term and when their term
comes, neither can they delay nor can they advance it an hour (or a moment). (61) They assign to Allâh
that which they dislike (for themselves), and their tongues assert the
falsehood that the better things will be theirs. No doubt for them is the Fire,
and they will be the first to be hastened on into it, and left there neglected.
(Tafsir Al-Qurtubî). (62) By Allâh, We indeed sent (Messengers) to the nations
before you (O Muhammad SAW), but Shaitân (Satan) made their deeds fair-seeming
to them. So he (Satan) is their Wali (helper) today (i.e. in this world), and
theirs will be a painful torment. (63) And We have not sent down the Book (the
Qur'an) to you (O Muhammad SAW), except that you may explain clearly unto them
those things in which they differ, and (as) a guidance and a mercy for a folk
who believe. (64)And Allâh sends down water (rain) from the sky, then He revives the earth therewith after its death. Verily,
in this is a sign (clear proof) for people who listen (obey Allâh). (65) And verily! In the
cattle, there is a lesson for you. We give you to drink of that which is in
their bellies, from between excretions and blood, pure milk; palatable to the
drinkers. (66) And from the fruits of date-palms and grapes, you derive strong
drink and a goodly provision. Verily, therein is indeed a sign for people who
have wisdom. (67) And your Lord inspired the bees, saying: "Take you
habitations in the mountains and in the trees and in what they erect. (68) "Then, eat of
all fruits, and follow the ways of your Lord made easy (for you)." There
comes forth from their bellies, a drink of varying colour wherein is healing
for men. Verily, in this is indeed a sign for people who think. (69) And Allâh has created
you and then He will cause you to die, and of you there are some who are sent
back to senility, so that they know nothing after having known (much). Truly!
Allâh is All-Knowing, All-Powerful. (70) And Allâh has preferred some of you above
others in wealth and properties. Then, those who are preferred will by no means
hand over their wealth and properties to those (slaves) whom their right hands
possess, so that they may be equal with them in respect thereof[]. Do they then
deny the Favour of Allâh? (71) And Allâh has made for you Azwaj (makes or
wives) of your own kind, and has made for you, from your wives, sons and
grandsons, and has bestowed on you good provision. Do they then believe in
false deities and deny the Favour of Allâh (by not worshipping Allâh Alone). (72)And they worship
others besides Allâh,- such as do not and cannot own
any provision for them from the heavens or the earth. (73) So put not forward
similitudes for Allâh (as there is nothing similar to Him, nor He resembles
anything). Truly! Allâh knows and you know not. (74) Allâh puts forward
the example (of two men — a believer and a disbeliever); a slave (disbeliever)
under the possession of another, he has no power of any sort, and (the other),
a man (believer) on whom We have bestowed a good provision from Us, and he
spends thereof secretly and openly. Can they be equal? (By no means). All the
praises and thanks are to Allâh. Nay! (But) most of them know not. (75) And Allâh puts
forward (another) example of two men, one of them dumb, who has no power over
anything (disbeliever), and he is a burden on his master, whichever way he
directs him, he brings no good. Is such a man equal to one (believer in the
Islâmic Monotheism) who commands justice, and is himself on a Straight Path? (76) And to Allâh belongs
the Unseen of the heavens and the earth. And the matter of the Hour is not but
as a twinkling of the eye, or even nearer. Truly! Allâh is Able to do all
things. (77) And Allâh has brought you out from the wombs of your mothers
while you know nothing. And He gave you hearing, sight, and hearts that you
might give thanks (to Allâh). (78) Do they not see the birds held (flying) in
the midst of the sky? None holds them but Allâh [none gave them the ability to
fly but Allâh]. Verily, in this are clear Ayat (proofs and signs) for people
who believe (in the Oneness of Allâh). (79)And Allâh has made for you in your
homes an abode, and made for you out of the hides of the cattle (tents for)
dwelling, which you find so light (and handy) when you travel and when you stay
(in your travels), and of their wool, fur, and hair (sheep wool, camel fur, and
goat hair), a furnishings and articles of convenience (e.g. carpets, blankets),
a comfort for a while. (80) And Allâh has made for you out of that which He has
created shades, and has made for you places of refuge in the mountains, and has
made for you garments to protect you from the heat (and cold), and coats of
mail to protect you from your (mutual) violence. Thus does He perfect His
Favour unto you, that you may submit yourselves to His Will (in Islâm). (81) Then, if they turn
away, your duty (O Muhammad SAW) is only to convey (the Message) in a clear
way. (82) They recognise the Grace of Allâh, yet they deny it (by
worshipping others besides Allâh) and most of them are disbelievers (deny the
Prophethood of Muhammad SAW). (83) And (remember) the Day when We shall raise up
from each nation a witness (their Messenger), then, those who have disbelieved
will not be given leave (to put forward excuses), nor will they be allowed (to
return to the world) to repent and ask for Allâh's Forgiveness (of their sins).
(84) And when those who
did wrong (the disbelievers) will see the torment, then it will not be
lightened unto them, nor will they be given respite. (85) And when those who
associated partners with Allâh see their (Allâh's so-called) partners, they
will say: "Our Lord! These are our partners whom we used to invoke besides
you." But they will throw back their word at them (and say): "Surely!
You indeed are liars!" (86) And they will offer (their full) submission
to Allâh (Alone) on that Day, and their invented false deities [all that they
used to invoke besides Allâh, e.g. idols, saints, priests, monks, angels, jinn,
Jibrael (Gabriel), Messengers] will vanish from them. (87)Those who disbelieved
and hinder (men) from the Path of Allâh, for them We
will add torment to the torment; because they used to spread corruption [by
disobeying Allâh themselves, as well as ordering others (mankind) to do so]. (88) And (remember) the Day
when We shall raise up from every nation a witness against them from amongst
themselves. And We shall bring you (O Muhammad SAW) as a witness against these.
And We have sent down to you the Book (the Qur'an) as an exposition of
everything, a guidance, a mercy, and glad tidings for those who have submitted
themselves (to Allâh as Muslims). (89) Verily, Allâh enjoins Al-Adl (i.e. justice
and worshipping none but Allâh Alone - Islâmic Monotheism) and Al-Ihsân [i.e.
to be patient in performing your duties to Allâh, totally for Allâh's sake and
in accordance with the Sunnah (legal ways) of the Prophet SAW in a perfect
manner], and giving (help) to kith and kin[] (i.e. all that Allâh has ordered
you to give them e.g., wealth, visiting, looking after them, or any other kind
of help): and forbids Al-Fahshâ' (i.e all evil deeds, e.g. illegal sexual acts,
disobedience of parents, polytheism, to tell lies, to give false witness, to
kill a life without right), and Al-Munkar (i.e all that is prohibited by
Islâmic law: polytheism of every kind, disbelief and every kind of evil deeds),
and Al-Baghy (i.e. all kinds of oppression), He admonishes you, that you may
take heed. (90) And fulfill the Covenant of Allâh (Bai'a: pledge for Islâm) when
you have covenanted, and break not the oaths after you have confirmed them, and
indeed you have appointed Allâh your surety. Verily! Allâh knows what you do. (91) And be not like her
who undoes the thread which she has spun after it has become strong, by taking
your oaths as a means of deception among yourselves, lest a nation should be
more numerous than another nation. Allâh only tests you by this [i.e who obeys
Allâh and fulfills Allâh's Covenant and who disobeys Allâh and breaks Allâh's
Covenant]. And on the Day of Resurrection, He will certainly make clear to you
that wherein you used to differ [i.e. a believer confesses and believes in the
Oneness of Allâh and in the Prophethood of Prophet Muhammad SAW which the
disbeliever denies it and that was their difference amongst them in the life of
this world][] (92) And had Allâh willed, He could have made you (all) one nation,
but He sends astray whom He wills and guides whom He wills. But you shall
certainly be called to account for what you used to do. (93)And make not your
oaths, a means of deception among yourselves, lest a foot should slip after
being firmly planted, and you may have to taste the evil (punishment in this
world) of having hindered (men) from the Path of Allâh (i.e. Belief in the
Oneness of Allâh and His Messenger, Muhammad SAW), and yours will be a great
torment (i.e. the Fire of Hell in the Hereafter). (94) And purchase not a
small gain at the cost of Allâh's Covenant. Verily! What is with Allâh is
better for you if you did but know. (95) Whatever is with you, will be exhausted, and
whatever is with Allâh (of good deeds) will remain. And those who are patient,
We will certainly pay them a reward in proportion to the best of what they used
to do[]. (96) Whoever works righteousness, whether male or female, while he
(or she) is a true believer (of Islâmic Monotheism) verily, to him We will give
a good life (in this world with respect, contentment and lawful provision), and
We shall pay them certainly a reward in proportion to the best of what they
used to do (i.e. Paradise in the Hereafter). (97) So when you want to
recite the Qur'ân, seek refuge with Allâh from Shaitân (Satan), the outcast
(the cursed one). (98) Verily! He has no power over those who believe and put
their trust only in their Lord (Allâh). (99) His power is only over those who obey
and follow him (Satan), and those who join partners with Him (Allâh) [i.e.
those who are Mushrikûn - polytheists - see Verse 6:121] (100) And when We change a
Verse [of the Qur'ân) in place of another,— and Allâh knows the best what He
sends down, they (the disbelievers) say: "You (O Muhammad SAW) are but a
Muftari! (forger, liar)." Nay, but most of them know not (101) Say (O Muhammad SAW)
Ruh-ul-Qudus [Jibril (Gabriel)] has brought it (the Qur'an) down from your Lord
with truth, that it may make firm and strengthen (the Faith of) those who
believe and as a guidance and glad tidings to those who have submitted (to
Allâh as Muslims). (102)And indeed We know that they
(polytheists and pagans) say: "It is only a human being who teaches him
(Muhammad SAW)." The tongue of the man they refer to is foreign, while
this (the Qur'ân) is a clear Arabic tongue. (103) Verily! Those who
believe not in the Ayât (proofs, evidences, verses, lessons, signs, revelations,
etc.) of Allâh, Allâh will not guide them and theirs will be a painful torment
(104) It is only those who
believe not in the Ayât (proofs, evidences, verses, lessons, signs,
revelations, etc.) of Allâh, who fabricate falsehood, and it is they who are
liars (105) Whoever disbelieved in Allâh after his belief, except him who is
forced thereto and whose heart is at rest with Faith, but such as open their
breasts to disbelief, on them is wrath from Allâh, and theirs will be a great
torment. (106) That is because they loved and preferred the life of this world
over that of the Hereafter. And Allâh guides not the people who disbelieve. (107) They are those upon
whose hearts, hearing (ears) and sight (eyes) Allâh has set a seal. And they
are the heedless! (108) No doubt, in the Hereafter, they will be the losers. (109) Then, verily! Your
Lord for those who emigrated after they had been put to trials and thereafter
strove hard and fought (for the Cause of Allâh) and were patient, verily, your
Lord afterward is, Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful. (110)(Remember) the Day
when every person will come up pleading for himself, and every one will be paid
in full for what he did (good or evil, belief or disbelief in the life of this
world) and they will not be dealt with unjustly. (111) And Allâh puts
forward the example of a township (Makkah), that dwelt secure and well content;
its provision coming to it in abundance from every place, but it (its people)
denied the Favours of Allâh (with ungratefulness). So Allâh made it taste the
extreme of hunger (famine) and fear, because of that (evil, i.e. denying
Prophet Muhammad SAW) which they (its people) used to do[] (112) And verily, there had
come unto them a Messenger (Muhammad SAW) from among themselves, but they
denied him, so the torment overtook them while they were Zâlimûn (polytheists
and wrong-doers). (113) So eat of the lawful and good food[] which Allâh has
provided for you. And be grateful for the Favour of Allâh, if it is He Whom you
worship. (114) He has forbidden you only Al-Maitah (meat of a dead animal),
blood, the flesh of swine, and any animal which is slaughtered as a sacrifice
for others than Allâh (or has been slaughtered for idols or on which Allâh's
Name has not been mentioned while slaughtering). But if one is forced by
necessity, without wilful disobedience, and not transgressing,- then, Allâh is
Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful. (115) And say not concerning that which your
tongues put forth falsely: "This is lawful and this is forbidden," so
as to invent lies against Allâh. Verily, those who invent lies against Allâh
will never prosper. (116) A passing brief enjoyment (will be theirs), but they will
have a painful torment. (117) And unto those who are Jews, We have
forbidden such things as We have mentioned to you (O Muhammad SAW) before [in
Sûrat-Al-An'am, (The Cattle), see Verse 6:146]. And We wronged them
not, but they used to wrong themselves. (118)Then, verily! Your
Lord— for those who do evil (commit sins and are disobedient to Allâh) in
ignorance and afterward repent and do righteous deeds, verily, your Lord
thereafter, (to such) is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful. (119) Verily, Ibrâhim
(Abraham) was an Ummah (a leader having all the good righteous qualities), or a
nation, obedient to Allâh, Hanif (i.e. to worship none but Allâh), and he was
not one of those who were Al-Mushrikûn (polytheists, idolaters, disbelievers in
the Oneness of Allâh, and those who joined partners with Allâh). (120) (He was) thankful for
His (Allâh's) Favours. He (Allâh) chose him (as an intimate friend) and guided
him to a Straight Path (Islâmic Monotheism, neither Judaism nor
Christianity[]). (121) And We gave him good in this world, and in the Hereafter he
shall be of the righteous. (122) Then, We have sent revelation to you (O
Muhammad SAW saying): "Follow the religion of Ibrâhim (Abraham) Hanif
(Islâmic Monotheism[] - to worship none but Allâh) and he was not of the
Mushrikûn (polytheists, idolaters, disbelievers). (123) The Sabbath was only
prescribed for those who differed concerning it, and verily, your Lord will
judge between them on the Day of Resurrection about that wherein they used to
differ (124) Invite (mankind, O Muhammad SAW) to the Way of your Lord (i.e.
Islâm) with wisdom (i.e. with the Divine Revelation and the Qur'ân) and fair
preaching, and argue with them in a way that is better. Truly, your Lord knows
best who has gone astray from His Path, and He is the Best Aware of those who
are guided. (125) And if you punish (your enemy, O you believers in the Oneness of
Allâh), then punish them with the like of that with which you were afflicted.
But if you endure patiently, verily, it is better for As-Sâbirun (the
patient)[]. (126) And endure you patiently (O Muhammad SAW), your patience is not
but from Allâh. And grieve not over them (polytheists and pagans), and be not
distressed because of what they plot. (127) Truly, Allâh is with
those who fear Him (keep their duty unto Him)[], and those who are Muhsinûn
(good-doers, - see the footnote of V.9:120). (128)